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Changing Medicine Together
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~ Seizures ~
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Allen l. Frankel, MD.
THCA & THC Aiding Where CBD Don't Greenbridge Medical, treating seizure patients for 5 years. Finding that THCA & THC are showing 65% success rate in cases where CBD is unsuccessful. |
CNN
Dozens of seizures a day Down to Zero Oil High in CBD CBD 30% - THC 1.5% |
CNN
Severe Seizures to the point of catatonic With a Seizure every 2 hours, Cannabis saves another Life! Charlotte's web cannabis is helping Charlotte & many more. |
Seizures, Overview:
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Seizures are a very painful decapitating experience, it has been describe as a storm in the brain potentially causing damage internally and externally, Most commonly seizures are a result of a form of a epilepsy or autoimmune disease. Some cases occur as the result of brain injury, stroke, brain tumors, infections of the brain and birth defects, drug use, elevated body temperature, low blood sugar and low levels of oxygen. Additionally, through a process known as epileptogenesis.[1][2][3] There are a number of conditions that look like epileptic seizures but are not. Known genetic mutations are directly linked to a small proportion of cases.[4][13] Epileptic seizures are the result of excessive and abnormal neuronal activity in the cortex of the brain.[12] The diagnosis involves ruling out other conditions that might cause similar symptoms, such as fainting, and determining if another cause of seizures is present, such as alcohol withdrawal or electrolyte problems.[4] This may be partly done by imaging the brain and performing blood tests.[4]
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Focal seizures
Focal seizures are often preceded by certain experiences, known as an aura.[8] These may include: sensory, visual, psychic, autonomic, olfactory or motor phenomena.[11]
In a complex partial seizure a person may appear confused or dazed and can not respond to questions or direction. Focal seizure may become generalized.[11]
Jerking activity may start in a specific muscle group and spread to surrounding muscle groups—known as a Jacksonian march.[12] Unusual activities that are not consciously created may occur.[12] These are known as automatisms and include simple activities like smacking of the lips or more complex activities such as attempts to pick something up.[12]
Focal seizures are often preceded by certain experiences, known as an aura.[8] These may include: sensory, visual, psychic, autonomic, olfactory or motor phenomena.[11]
In a complex partial seizure a person may appear confused or dazed and can not respond to questions or direction. Focal seizure may become generalized.[11]
Jerking activity may start in a specific muscle group and spread to surrounding muscle groups—known as a Jacksonian march.[12] Unusual activities that are not consciously created may occur.[12] These are known as automatisms and include simple activities like smacking of the lips or more complex activities such as attempts to pick something up.[12]
Generalized seizures
There are six main types of generalized seizures: tonic-clonic, tonic, clonic, myoclonic, absence, and atonic seizures.[13] They all involve a loss of consciousness and typically happen without warning.[14]
There are six main types of generalized seizures: tonic-clonic, tonic, clonic, myoclonic, absence, and atonic seizures.[13] They all involve a loss of consciousness and typically happen without warning.[14]
- Tonic-clonic seizures present with a contraction of the limbs followed by their extension, along with arching of the back for 10–30 seconds.[14] A cry may be heard due to contraction of the chest muscles.[14] The limbs then begin to shake in unison.[14] After the shaking has stopped it may take 10–30 minutes for the person to return to normal.[14]
- Tonic seizures produce constant contractions of the muscles.[14] The person may turn blue if breathing is impaired.[14]
- Clonic seizures involve shaking of the limbs in unison.[14]
- Myoclonic seizures involve spasms of muscles in either a few areas or generalized through the body.[14]
- Absence seizures can be subtle, with only a slight turn of the head or eye blinking.[11] The person often does not fall over and may return to normal right after the seizure ends, though there may also be a period of post-ictal disorientation.[11]
- Atonic seizures involve the loss of muscle activity for greater than one second.[12] This typically occurs bilaterally (on both sides of the body).[12]
Postictal
After the active portion of a seizure, there is typically a period of confusion called the postictal period before a normal level of consciousness returns.[8] This usually lasts 3 to 15 minutes[16] but may last for hours.[17] Other common symptoms include: feeling tired, headache, difficulty speaking, and abnormal behavior.[17] Psychosis after a seizure is relatively common, occurring in between 6 and 10% of people.[18] Often people do not remember what occurred during this time.[17]
After the active portion of a seizure, there is typically a period of confusion called the postictal period before a normal level of consciousness returns.[8] This usually lasts 3 to 15 minutes[16] but may last for hours.[17] Other common symptoms include: feeling tired, headache, difficulty speaking, and abnormal behavior.[17] Psychosis after a seizure is relatively common, occurring in between 6 and 10% of people.[18] Often people do not remember what occurred during this time.[17]
Duration
A seizure can last from a few seconds to more than five minutes, at which point it is known as status epilepticus.[15] Most tonic-clonic seizures last less than two or three minutes.[15] Absence seizures are usually around 10 seconds in duration.[10]
A seizure can last from a few seconds to more than five minutes, at which point it is known as status epilepticus.[15] Most tonic-clonic seizures last less than two or three minutes.[15] Absence seizures are usually around 10 seconds in duration.[10]
Metabolic
]Dehydration can trigger epileptic seizures if it is severe enough.[24] A number of disorders including: low blood sugar, low blood sodium, hyperosmolar nonketotic hyperglycemia, high blood sodium, low blood calcium and high blood urea levels may cause seizures.[14] As may hepatic encephalopathy and the genetic disorder porphyria.[14]
Mass lesions
Medications
Both medication and drug overdoses can result in seizures,[14] as may certain medication and drug withdrawal.[14] Common drugs involved include: antidepressants, antipsychotics, cocaine, insulin, and the local anaesthetic lidocaine.[14] Difficulties with withdrawal seizures commonly occurs after prolonged alcohol or sedative use, a condition known as delirium tremens.[14]
]Dehydration can trigger epileptic seizures if it is severe enough.[24] A number of disorders including: low blood sugar, low blood sodium, hyperosmolar nonketotic hyperglycemia, high blood sodium, low blood calcium and high blood urea levels may cause seizures.[14] As may hepatic encephalopathy and the genetic disorder porphyria.[14]
Mass lesions
- cavernoma or cavernous malformation is a treatable medical condition that can cause seizures, headaches, and brain hemorrhages.
- arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a treatable medical condition that can cause seizures, headaches, and brain hemorrhages.
- space-occupying lesions in the brain (abscesses, tumours). In people with brain tumours, the frequency of epilepsy depends on the location of the tumor in the cortical region.[25]
Medications
Both medication and drug overdoses can result in seizures,[14] as may certain medication and drug withdrawal.[14] Common drugs involved include: antidepressants, antipsychotics, cocaine, insulin, and the local anaesthetic lidocaine.[14] Difficulties with withdrawal seizures commonly occurs after prolonged alcohol or sedative use, a condition known as delirium tremens.[14]
Stress
Stress can induce seizures in people with epilepsy, and is a risk factor for developing epilepsy. Severity, duration, and time at which stress occurs during development all contribute to frequency and susceptibility to developing epilepsy. It is one of the most frequently self-reported triggers in patients with epilepsy.[28][29]
Stress exposure results in hormone release that mediates its effects in the brain. These hormones act on both excitatory and inhibitory neural synapses, resulting in hyper-excitability of neurons in the brain. The hippocampus is known to be a region that is highly sensitive to stress and prone to seizures. This is where mediators of stress interact with their target receptors to produce effects.[30]
Other Causes
Seizures may occur as a result of high blood pressure, known as hypertensive encephalopathy, or in pregnancy as eclampsia when accompanied by either seizures or a decreased level of consciousness.[14] Very high body temperatures may also be a cause.[14] Typically this requires a temperature greater than 42 °C (107.6 °F).[14]
Stress can induce seizures in people with epilepsy, and is a risk factor for developing epilepsy. Severity, duration, and time at which stress occurs during development all contribute to frequency and susceptibility to developing epilepsy. It is one of the most frequently self-reported triggers in patients with epilepsy.[28][29]
Stress exposure results in hormone release that mediates its effects in the brain. These hormones act on both excitatory and inhibitory neural synapses, resulting in hyper-excitability of neurons in the brain. The hippocampus is known to be a region that is highly sensitive to stress and prone to seizures. This is where mediators of stress interact with their target receptors to produce effects.[30]
Other Causes
Seizures may occur as a result of high blood pressure, known as hypertensive encephalopathy, or in pregnancy as eclampsia when accompanied by either seizures or a decreased level of consciousness.[14] Very high body temperatures may also be a cause.[14] Typically this requires a temperature greater than 42 °C (107.6 °F).[14]
- Head injury may cause non-epileptic post-traumatic seizures or post-traumatic epilepsy
- About 3.5 to 5.5% of people with celiac disease also have seizures.[31]
- Seizures in a person with a shunt may indicate failure
- Hemorrhagic stroke can occasionally present with seizures, embolic strokes generally do not (though epilepsy is a common later complication); cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, a rare type of stroke, is more likely to be accompanied by seizures than other types of stroke
- Multiple sclerosis may cause seizures
~ How Cannabis Aids ~
studies revealed a potential mechanism for this effect, showing that CBD raised the threshold requirement after one action potential, making it more difficult for subsequent action potentials to fire and propagate seizure activity. Some Physicians are concluding that a deficient endocannabinoid system, or a protein neurotransmitter miscoded coupled to the ECS could facilitate in the environment required for epileptic convulsive affects.
The effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on electrically evoked kindled seizures, decreased the (electrical) after discharge (AD), duration and amplitude. Electrophysiologically, the antiseizure effects of CBD were a combination of those of PHT and ESM. The combination of effects may account for the observation that CBD was the most efficacious of the drugs tested against limbic ADs and convulsions. Other properties of CBD were also noted: For example, compared with delta 9-THC, although THC is a Anti-convulsive it is a much more selective anticonvulsant vis-à-vis motor toxicity. CBD also lacks the CNS excitatory effects produced by delta 9-THC, and especially other comparative standard seizure drugs. These characteristics, combined with its apparently unique set of electrophysiological properties, support the suggestion that CBD has therapeutic potential as an antiepileptic/anti-seizure.
The effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on electrically evoked kindled seizures, decreased the (electrical) after discharge (AD), duration and amplitude. Electrophysiologically, the antiseizure effects of CBD were a combination of those of PHT and ESM. The combination of effects may account for the observation that CBD was the most efficacious of the drugs tested against limbic ADs and convulsions. Other properties of CBD were also noted: For example, compared with delta 9-THC, although THC is a Anti-convulsive it is a much more selective anticonvulsant vis-à-vis motor toxicity. CBD also lacks the CNS excitatory effects produced by delta 9-THC, and especially other comparative standard seizure drugs. These characteristics, combined with its apparently unique set of electrophysiological properties, support the suggestion that CBD has therapeutic potential as an antiepileptic/anti-seizure.
Regulatory proteins ( eg. Anandamide, 2-AG, THC, CBD, CBC, THCA, THCV, etc ) play a role in controlling cannabinoid signaling via CB1 & 2 receptors which plays a role/regulates most Systems and organs(reviewed in Ref. [37]). The cannabinoid receptor-interacting proteins 1a and 1b (CRIP1a and CRIP1b) are only known to interact with CB1 receptors. Evidence suggests that CRIP1a attenuates CB1 receptor-induced inhibition of Ca2+efflux.37. CRIP1a, like CB1, is widely expressed in the brain at high levels. It has been suggested that these regulatory proteins play a critical role in modulating CB1 receptor function in the pathogenesis or neuroadaptive response to epilepsy, And other Autoimmune, & neuropsychiatric disorders. There are a number of other regulatory proteins that interact with CB1 to affect signal transduction. Therefore, studies/observations have concluded, supplementing the EC system with a external source of cannabinoids aidsd in regulating the EC system which in turn regulates sub-functioning system, in the case of convulsions blocking excitokynes and reducing or eliminating electrical discharge, after discharge and amplitude, while increase threshold.